Implement Person Centred Approaches in Health and Social Care Essay

1.1 Understand person centered approaches for care and support Person centred values is a theory developed by Carl Rogers that trusted the innate tendency (known as the actualising tendency) of human beings to find fulfilment of their personal potentials. An important part of this theory is that in a particular psychological environment, the fulfilment of personal potentials includes sociability, the need to be with other human beings and a desire to know and be known by other people. It also includes being open to experience, being trusting and trustworthy, being curious about the world and being creative and compassionate. It is important to work in a way that embeds person centred values so that a person feels free from threat, both physically and psychologically. This environment could be achieved when being in a relationship with a person who was deeply understanding (empathic), accepting (having unconditional positive regard) and genuine (congruent). Risk taking can be part of a person centred approach as we would choose to use positive and informed risk taking which would involve building a positive view of the individual, and seeking to learn what a persons gifts and skills are and what people admire about them. In person centred thinking we also explore the consequences of not taking the risk so that these may be balanced against the consequences of taking the risk. Using an individuals care plan contributes to working in a person centred way as this would be constructed by the client with the support of the care worker so that the client has full control over their recovery, instead of the support plan being constructed by the care worker whereby the client feels as if they have no control of their recovery. 1.2 Work in a person centred way In order to find out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual I would refer to any previous files held with regards to that person, as well as discussing directly with the client what the preferenes etc. of that person are. I use person centred values in everyday working as I am an extremely empathic, accepting and congruent person. 1.3 Establishing consent when providing care or support Informed consent is important to establish when providing care or support so that the client is fully aware of their responsibilities, any actions that will be taken and the consequences of either taking or not taking a particular action or decision. In UK case law it has been established that consent must be given by a person with mental ability to do so, sufficient information should be given to the individual and they should not be coerced into giving consent, if these are not met then consent is considered to be invalid. The process of establishing informed consent will vary according to individuals assessed capacity to consent. If informed consent can not be readily established then we must abide by the individuals wishes after explaining fully the consequences of not consenting to a certain action. If a person is mentally incapable of providing their consent then we must refer to any care or support plan or legal documentation that may have been established whilst they were capable of making an informed decision. If none of these are available then consent can be given by their next of kin, but we must involve the individual in the process as much as possible. We do however have a ‘duty of care’ to a person, if the persons health and safety is at an immediate risk then certain actions can be taken in order to prevent any immediate risk to that person. 1.4 Encourage active participation Active participation benefits an individual as it recognises an individuals right to participate in the activities and relationships of everyday life as independently as possible. The individual is regarded as an active participant in their own care and support rather than a passive recipient. Possible barriers to active participation may include, amongst others, the mental or physical disability of an individual. 1.5 Support the individuals right to make choices I would support an individual to make informed choices by giving the individual full information with regards to the positive and negative effects of any decisions they make and respect their wish to make that decision. I would use agreed risk assessment processes so that the client was fully aware of any risks involved with regards to any decision they make and would also discuss this with my manager. A workers personal view should not influence an individuals choices as everyone is an individual in their own right and and therefore should be able to make their own choices as their interests would be different to a workers. I would support an individual to question or challenge any decision made by others by giving the individual full information with regards to that decision in an unbiased manner, if the individual wanted to make any changes with that decision then I would discuss this with my manager and use agreed risk assessment processes to enable the individual to make those changes. 1.6 Promote individuals’ well-being Individual identity and self esteem are linked with well-being as everyone has their own interests and what one person may find interesting another person may not find interesting, for example, if a person is religious and attends church they find that this is part of their identity and promotes their own self esteem as they may feel they are doing their service to God. Another person may not believe in God and find attending church boring, therefore they may feel that they are being pressured into a belief that they disagree with, therefore taking away the psychological identity of an individual. Other aspects relating to well-being may include spiritual, emotional, cultural, social and political. Attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s well-being include listening to and treating an individuals decision with respect and enabling them to implement these into the everyday life, after giving the individual all information available in an unbiased manner, for example, if an individual decided that they wanted to attend church then no matter what my own opinions on this matter may be, I would help the individual to attend church and if necessary attend church with them.

Motivation Working In Groups Education Essay

AbstractionThe planetary competitory environment is witnessing a new displacement where more and more companies are forming their activities and undertakings around groups. Bing able to work efficaciously in a group is now considered a important demand for any employee. This write up inside informations my motive behind fall ining a Masters class in direction at the Bangor Business School and how this is assisting me to smooth my accomplishments as an effectual group member and a future director. This piece of work besides identifies assorted issues faced when working in groups and simple solutions that can be applied to antagonize these booby traps to maximise end products.MOTIVATION FOR JOINING A POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM IN MANAGEMENTThe undergraduate plan in Commerce at Bishop Heaber College Trichy, India introduced me to a broad scope of subjects in my nucleus topic such as economic sciences, statistics and mathematics. The commercialism course of study non merely inculcated a high g rade of job resolution and analytical accomplishments in the nucleus field but besides gave me a opportunity to briefly explore other practical concern spheres such as direction, finance, selling, accounting and jurisprudence. These subjects are extremely relevant in the current economic scenario and it is really interesting to look into how the interplay of assorted forces thrusts planetary growing. What fascinated me most was the fact that many of the theoretical subjects in direction have profound practical public-service corporation and when applied to assorted jobs these guarantee of import procedure and merchandise betterments. In order to carry through my dream of going a high-tech concern adviser, I decided to fall in a postgraduate plan in Management at a reputed university that would supply me with ample chances in footings of growing, personally every bit good as professionally. Harmonizing to McClelland ‘s Theory of Needs motive depends on three demands – Accomplishment, power and association ( McClelland, 1961 & A ; 1975 ) . These 3 factors were instrumental in actuating me to fall in a postgraduate plan and work towards accomplishing my ends.THE BANGOR BUSINESS SCHOOL: A GLOBAL PLATFORMThe following challenge that I faced was to calculate out a university that would run into my criterions and demands and would turn out cardinal to my success in future e nterprises. After a thorough research, I zeroed down on the Bangor Business School at the Bangor University. Harmonizing to Clayton Alderfer ‘s ERG Theory, being, relatedness and growing are the three chief factors that motivate people for fall ining an organisation. My determination of fall ining the Bangor University was based on these three factors as this university provides personal attending to pupils, offers chances that pupils can associate to and nowadayss ample infinite to turn ( Alderfer, 1969 ) . The Bangor concern school provides a overplus of classs in direction with a extremely trained staff and coactions worldwide with the industry supplying first-class future chances. The fact that this concern school has been late rated by the Research Assessment Exercise ( RAE ) as the best in UK for accounting and finance farther strengthened my determination of fall ining this university ( Bangor, Homepage, 2010 ) . In recent yesteryear, the university staff was responsible for transporting out extremely acclaimed consultancy undertakings for authorities and non-government organisations with assorted publications in the prima diaries. The Bangor concern school provides abundant chances for heightening and developing competences in direction. Besides, in order to go a successful adviser I require custodies on experience and cognition of planetary concern, foreign markets and competition with a thorough apprehension of planetary forces and concern schemes. Bangor, through its coaction with foreign companies and universities provides sufficient exposure in the planetary domain, both practically every bit good as technically.Students AT BANGOR BUSINESS SCHOOLAnother factor that attracted me towards the Bangor concern school apart from the module and installations was the pupils. As the college undertakes merely a limited figure of extremely qualified pupils who are selected after stiff competition, quality of pupils is the kernel of this university. The chief advantages offered by this layout include: Fewer figure of pupils enrolled guarantee that an first-class resonance is developed with all the members of the class. This helps in interchanging rich cognition and expertness from assorted subjects such as humanistic disciplines, commercialism, jurisprudence, scientific discipline, concern disposal, selling, etc. amongst different pupils. The familiarity, good will and contacts built during the continuance of the class prove to be really effectual and of import in the long tally when different pupils join different industries at assorted profiles. These pupils have varied positions and backgrounds and sharing this enormously helps in bettering any professional. Therefore, interacting with this creme de la creme was a large motive for fall ining the Bangor University.APPROACHES TOWARDS LEARNINGDetermining an appropriate and contributing attack towards larning is indispensible to the procedure of deriving cognition. Harmonizing to Biggs & A ; Telfer ( 1987 ) , the chief attacks undertaken by pupils comprise of two elements – Motivation and Strategy. Based on this, he identified three chief attacks adopted by pupils. These were the Surface Approach, the Deep Approach and the Achieving Approach. Surface Approach: In the Surface Approach, positive and negative extrinsic motivations play a critical function and pupil ‘s scheme is to try the least to go through a topic. In the procedure he renders himself inefficient of understanding the significance of what he has learned and the interplay of factors because the motivation is superficial and he has no personal involvement in what he is making. Deep Approach: In the Deep Approach, motivation is an intrinsic wonder to larn things and the scheme undertaken by the pupil is one of personal committedness towards larning. In the procedure he comprehends and understands things in the best possible mode, attempts to co-relate things learned with past experiences and accomplishes the chief undertaking of analyzing. Achieving Approach: In the Achieving Approach, the motivation is to accomplish a peculiar end such as high classs and the scheme adopted by the pupil is to make at the most what is required to accomplish his end.MY Approach TOWARDS LEARNINGDuring my full pupil life I have ever strived towards deriving a deep cognition of each topic that I studied. In the competitory universe that a professional faces one time that he comes out of the college, a strong foundation is required if he wishes to boom and turn. Hence, when I joined the Bangor University my chief motive was to construct a strong and deep apprehension of assorted topics, variables and subjects of direction.Influence OF THE BANGOR BUSINESS SCHOOL ON MY APPROACH TOWARDS LEARNINGIn 2001, Biggs described two chief influences that shape a pupil ‘s attack towards larning – Personal factors and Teaching. These are described below: Personal factors such as background, upbringing or personality may hold a positive or negative consequence on the pupil and may motivate him towards developing a Surface Approach or a Deep Approach. Teaching: Conventional learning methods such as everyday scrutinies, clip force per unit area, taging strategies, detainment, etc. lead pupils towards developing a Surface Approach of larning. On the other manus, newer learning methods such as instance surveies, activities, tutorials, job resolution, flexible rating systems, etc. promote pupils towards developing a Deep Approach. At Bangor, the module believes in an synergistic instruction manner where the pupil is free to inquire inquiries and is encouraged to believe out of the box. In fact the techniques employed have molded assorted pupils from being Surface attacks to Deep attacks. This procedure has been accelerated by advancing student-student interactions that result in an exchange of expertness and in bend actuating pupils to travel for an in-depth analysis of assorted jobs and issues. In short, the unique and latest learning methods employed at Bangor have helped direction pupils in developing a strong apprehension of assorted direction related subjects such as Problem Solving and Decision Making, Planning, Delegation, Internal Communications, Meeting Management, Leading, Coordinating and Controlling, Pull offing Self, Managing Stress, etc. ( McNamara, 2010 ) . These methods provide a alone environment where the pupils contribute towards the growing of each other therefore maintaining one and all motivated. Simultaneously, the university achieves the primary end of instruction by heightening the acquisition ambiance of pupils and by increasing the efficiency of the module.UNITY IN DIVERSITYAs discussed earlier, Bangor demonstrates a broad scope of diverseness by uniting different people from different parts with different academic backgrounds as one large group. As a portion of the MBA course of study, many times pupils are required to be grouped harmonizing to ac tivities, instance surveies or undertakings assigned to the category. This brings the subject of working in groups. Harmonizing to Robbins ( 2004, pp:219 ) :â€Å" A Group is defined as two or more persons, interacting and mutualist, who have come together to accomplish peculiar aims † .Working in groups can be either pleasant or hard or at times both. On the brighter side, uniting people with heterogenous backgrounds and experiences ensures best consequences in footings of value add-on to the batch. Students demonstrate a high degree of originative thought, solutions design and job work outing guaranting better end products. The kineticss achieved by this theoretical account guarantees a healthy ambiance within the campus and pupils staying positively competitory.POSITIVE ASPECTS OF WORKING IN GROUPSIn Management classs, pupils are divided into groups to accomplish assorted motivations which in bend help them in deriving a competitory border when they venture out in the indu stry. A individual who works good in a group is in all possibility traveling to be an first-class squad worker when he joins an organisation. Assorted positive results achieved by working in groups are described below: When pupils work in groups they draw on each others knowledge and expertise to accomplish better consequences. This is due to the fact that a multiple sentiment is ever better than a individual sentiment as it shows heterogeneousness and avoids prejudice. Group working achieves best consequences for rating studies such as instance studies, reappraisals and reviews, research undertakings such as those that entail primary and secondary research and little undertakings that involve an statement such as a argument. Students working in groups besides make the best of the available strengths within the group. For e.g. in a written undertaking, one of the members who has an first-class bid on vocabulary can compose the paper whereas other who has an expertness in the linguistic communication can proofread. Working in groups makes pupils responsible as they work coherently to accomplish a common undertaking and in the procedure maintain actuating each other to execute better. While working in groups there is a least possibility for members to stall. Group working ensures that single manners ever come to the head supplying enhanced consequences.Press FACTORS ON GROUP WORKINGGroup working is governed by assorted pressing factors such as efficiency of members, degree of struggle, external conditions, procedures, internal communicating, etc. These factors give rise to assorted issues within the group ( Goodman, 1987 ) . Group work is seldom perfect and one is expected to meet a broad scope of issues and jobs when working in groups. For any direction pupil to be effectual it is really of import that he uses solutions design and advanced schemes for antagonizing these issues. What remains indispensable is the fact that whatever 1 does, he should non ache or pique other group members. Few issues associated with working in groups along with executable solutions will be discussed in the undermentioned paragraphs.Working IN GROUPS: ISSUES & A ; SOLUTIONSI ) DisagreementDisagreement and following a collaborative working manner are the bigg est issues when working in a group. Each person in the group should understand that the basic thought of the course of study behind transfusing a collaborative working manner is the fact that thoughts will be challenged to accomplish better consequences and a struggle is non ever bad ( Schellhardt, 1994 ) . There are opportunities that other members of the group might come up with thoughts that are right or more relevant and can be supported by grounds. In order to stay competitory in such a scenario one should promote dissension to measure the strength of 1s ain thoughts and to research other possible options. A collaborative working manner should be promoted in the group to antagonize dissension. Collaborative manner has assorted paradigms associated with it. These include stating non merely what to make in the group but besides activities required for carry throughing a peculiar undertaking i.e. how to accomplish desired consequences. Collaboration is most fruitful when a certain degree of formality is introduced in the group behaviour such as everyday meetings and advancement sheets and by maintaining the group ‘s involvement before personal 1s. Another step to antagonize dissension is to be ready to compromise. This means that each member of the group should be ready to listen and suit each others sentiment and forfeit or modify his ain theories in the visible radiation of cognition and grounds. Encouraging dissension, as discussed above, is really effectual but what should be understood is the fact that groups that merely differ do non stay functional. Therefore, it is really of import to equilibrate the 2 forces of dissension. As per Robbins ( 2004 ) a working group is non an unorganised crowd but should hold a construction and most significantly a leader or a captain or a go-between. Therefore, a go-between or chair individual can be assigned for each meeting who will listen to all the parties and come up with concluding indifferent recommendations. All groups have specific norms that are established early to guarantee smooth operation ( Hackman, 1992 ) . Discussion regulations such as no personal onslaughts can be decided early in the procedure. Group behavior encourages people to develop a critical attack towards inquiries which proves to be an advantage in existent universe puting where an person is confronted with assorted pressing issues and jobs.II ) DIVISION OF WORKDivision of work Division of work and duties is indispensible to the success of working in groups. Undertakings should be divided in such a manner that all resources are adequately utilised without over burthening any specific person. Th e existent undertaking can be broken down into smaller sub-tasks and each sub-task can be assigned to one individual. Care must be taken to guarantee that sub-tasks should be divided harmonizing to single strengths. For e.g. a individual good at proofreading can be assigned for proofreading and one good at forming should be assigned to forming informations and concluding end product. Furthermore, interpersonal accomplishments are a deciding factor for high public presentation and members should show and larn these from each other to better their competences ( Stevens & A ; Campion, 1994 ) . Therefore, to maximise the use of resources work should be delegated harmonizing to the strengths and expertness of group members.III ) SOCIAL IdlenessCovering with Slackers is another issue in group working. This phenomenon called as Social Loafing ( Comer, 1995 ) refers to the inclination of people to work less when working in groups. Normally persons on a individual undertaking are uniformly g raded hence go forthing a large room for one or more members to go dawdlers. To cover with this state of affairs, regulations should be laid down at the start itself. These can be simple penalties such as if a member does non go to a meeting without any specific ground he would purchase a Burger for everyone in the group to harsh 1s such as non including the name of the individual on the concluding study. Usually group members end up making excess work because they do non take shirkers to undertaking and do non talk their head. On the contrary, such sentiments and issues should be flagged at the earliest in the group.IV ) RESPECT FOR INDIVIDUALAnother chief issue associated with working in groups is keeping regard for persons. The image becomes hard when one or more members in the group see themselves superior and smarter than others. This is a unsafe attitude that may do clash within the group. Besides there is a opportunity where persons may believe that they would hold learnt bet ter if they had worked separately on the subject. Researchs have demonstrated that group working is more efficient in doing better quality and speedy determinations when compared to single working ( Cooke & A ; Kernaghan, 1987 ) . It is besides of import to promote members to discourse their strengths and failings at the first session itself so that they can be best utilised. Sharing of ideas by and large consequences in coherence within a group as people feel nearer to each other. Group members should be encouraged to develop and heighten their ability to LISTEN. Group works best when all members are ready to listen to each other with an unfastened head. Furthermore, in a campus environment where pupils come from different states and civilizations, something which is acceptable in one civilization might non be the same in another ( Axtell, 1991 ) . Therefore, regard for persons, their civilizations and values is indispensable to the success of any group.V ) CommunicationTimely communicating on all undertaking and single related affairs is paramount to the success of any group. Unable to run into at distinct clip or topographic point can take to perturbations in the smooth running of a group. Regular communicating should be maintained in the signifier of regular meetings to be held at a stipulated clip agreed amongst the group members. Here, persons can v oice their findings on assorted subjects every bit good as flag their personal jobs if any. Other options such as electronic mails, telephones, confab suites, couriers, etc. may be used if in instance one-to-one treatments can non be planned at all. One of the members can be assigned to enter proceedingss of the meeting and can go around the meeting notes to everyone. This formalizes the procedure of communicating and makes certain that everyone in the group is on the same platform. Besides it is easier for the members to look back on the notes and see if they are on the mark and have achieved what was decided as per agenda.VI ) TIME MANAGEMENTInefficient clip direction besides causes a batch of jobs if things are non achieved as distinct. Therefore to avoid clip lags the best attack is to hold pre-agreed mileposts for the undertaking that can be converted into Gantt charts. It is a misconception that working in a group takes lesser clip. In fact, working in a group can be really cl ip devouring due to encephalon storming, developing understanding on a subject, collating information, alterations and proofreading, etc. Thus, group work should ne'er be considered as less work in lesser clip. It is besides of import to use meeting clip expeditiously to avoid slowdown subsequently on. To accomplish this, the docket of the following meeting can be decided in the current one itself ; all members should come prepared for the meeting ; go-between can direct a reminder through electronic mail or phone before for the approaching meeting ; go-between or chair individual should be rigorous about the timelines.Decision: MBA & A ; BEYONDTo sum up, prosecuting a Masters grade in Management for me is non merely a tool to accomplish position, richness and wealths but a ladder to understand and research assorted spheres of direction. The chief motive behind trailing this plan is to play with assorted direction patterns in order to understand the interplay of factors and to larn ways of using latest theories of direction to pattern. This will assist me in going an first-class director by steering my accomplishments to plan efficient and advanced concern solutions. Continuous chase for wisdom has made me look up to the cognition that I already had and has farther motivated me to hone my accomplishments. The Bangor Business School has provided me an first-class chance to carry through my dream by fall ining this class and deriving sufficient in footings of proficient accomplishments, interpersonal accomplishments and contacts. This concern school has non merely equipped me with a deep cognition of the class stuff but is determining me to be an effectual scholar and hearer. Assorted direction attacks and rules that I am larning in this class such as working in groups will fit me better to accommodate easy when I join the existent universe of concern. My love for direction patterns will do me take up challenges whole heartedly.APPLICATIONS OF THE CURRENT TOPICThis organic structure of work can be used by pupils to understand the importance and kineticss of working in groups. Furthermore, simple solutions proposed can be easy adopted and implemente d by one and all to maximise end products when working in groups.

Cannabis and Health Canada

Cannabis has been a part of human existence for thousand of years. People used cannabis as a necessity of life. People depended on cannabis to live longer than they depended on money. Today In Canada, cannabis was scheduled In the same class as heroine in Canada. Health Canada has a program for medical cannabis patients but that is not enough because growing cannabis is illegal and people cannot use it as a medicine if they cannot pay a hefty fee for license and doctors. The doctors would prescribe the patients any pharmaceutical drugs before cannabis.They forgot (or uneducated) that cannabis was humans' main medicine and pharmaceutical drug as only a man-made substitution. Decentralized cannabis Is an advantage for black market drug trafficking, fraud and opportunities for pharmaceutical company to take advantage of dying patients to pocket millions of dollars on prescription drugs. This has to be changed. Teenagers and young adults should be taught differently about cannabis in Can ada. They should be told the truth of how cannabis was mandatory for the Canadians before the refer madness and how cannabis was once considered as a medicine In human history, rather than a scheduled drug.They should be Informed that cannabis should be one of their medication and they should eave the freedom of choosing to use cannabis correctly and safely. Oh Cannabis! Was created in 2014 as an educational exhibit for students from 16- 21 . The target audiences are young people who would like to learn the medical benefits of marijuana in an educational way. They are interested on the reasons Justine Trusted spoke about cannabis to elementary students and wondered if what the government taught them about cannabis Is updated and correct Oh Cannabis! Ivies updated data and Information on cannabis use, pros and cons, true/false Information of cannabis, where in Canada that has the most grow pop raid and the history of anabas in Canada. Alcohol and cigarette is the two most dangerous d rugs that have been regulated for people who are over 19 years of age. The government should do the same thing for the safety of teenagers (teenager 5 has been using cannabis before cigarette or alcohol) and to bring back what was once a mandatory plant In human history Display type is Babes Nine Regular.It's strong for regular typeface and therefore gives better contrasts to the headers. Headers are strong and need to be legible. Babes Nine has both of those characteristics and with a right contrasting colors, it loud make a good header for the header for the color palette of Oh Cannabis!. Body type Is Thinners Regular. It Is a nice, tall typeface that Is Interesting to read. It Is a sans serif font that has very Interesting numbers, With the black and white choice of contrast, the font stands out nicely.With a nice leading, the font gives itself a dramatic and clean look. It is good for body type because of its high legibility. It makes a different choice of font since it is not t he regular Helvetica or Myriad Pro. Oh Cannabis! Is an interesting, dramatic and adventurous brand for young people ho are In high school or college. Red and yellow are hormonally with green color like red and yellow but white also works as well on red and green. For IMPS 16, yellow was not 100% Y therefore, would be acceptable to use with white. Oh Cannabis! Incidental match the shade of Restrain colors; the colors are well known in the cannabis culture. The colors work out perfectly for the brand and would be easily recognized for the topic it holds. As an exhibit for cannabis in Canada, cannabis leave is the number one imagery that would be used throughout the brand. The symbol of the medicinal cross represents he medicinal purposes and properties of cannabis. When thinking about using marijuana, the method that is used a lot other than rolling papers is smoking through water pipes, also known as bongs.It is more visible and not being mistaken as a cigarette. It is also suitable for the age group and would catch attention of the main target audiences. This exhibit is related a lot to Canadians; therefore the map of Canada is the best option that could represent where the information for this exhibit came from. Cannabis leaf is presented in every single one of the brand imagery as the entire topic is about cannabis. The first identification signage is located on Don Mills Road, the main road that would lead to the entrance of Ontario Science Center.The banner will contain the name of the exhibit, images, date and venue where the exhibit is held. The banners would be printed on hemp fabric with vinyl coating to withstand the weather (avoiding paint to fade under the sun and rain). The pole is 100% hemp wood and the strings to tie those banners will be made of hemp fiber. After the exhibit, the whole pole would be taken down and recycle. As an CEO-friendly exhibit, most everything that is presented is made out of hemp and is recyclable. The main identification signage will be positioned at the main entrance.It is 10 feet tall and can be seen from far away, The title, word mark and date of the exhibit is painted on cutout hemp panels and put on top of the main signage as it would be seen from miles away, The door frame would be made out of hemp wood panels to keep the organic look and texture. To create an adventurous feel, the doorway is decorated with hemp paper cutout of cannabis leaves, to imitate the entrance of the cannabis Jungle. The map of the exhibit site is located at the main entrance of the Ontario Science Center. The map would be printed on hemp paper and laminated to a hemp wood panel with vinyl top coating.It would show the map of the 6th level, where the exhibit would be held. The services that would present in the map are: washroom, payphone, emergency exit (stairs that will lead to the lower level), elevators, escalators, food service, automated electronic defibrillator and designated pot smoking area of the floor. It w ould be used to give directions to visitors and to provide correct emergency services. To make the theme even better than any other exhibit and to promote the use of cannabis, a rule of only cannabis smoking/ use loud be present for the patio of this floor.An offset of Ontario Science Center will be Oh Cannabis! Landmark is in the shape of a large water pipe (also known as a bong). It would be made of solid hemp wood, painted red and with the exhibit brand mark painted white. The landmark is painted red as an intention so everyone could to see it from a great distance. Red is the most noticeable color on the map therefore people would remember to look for a enormous red bong. Using the same water pipe image as the brand imagery to make sure to people they know what they are looking or, the band mark is built through out the exhibition.The brand mark and imagery is painted white on the red bong. The landmark is located left of at the 6th level main entrance (where the main escalator and elevator exit is). People need to see the landmark on the left to avoid turning right and wandering the right side of the floor. From the landmark, there is a hallway going to the right and it will take visitors to the main exhibit site. Directional signage will lead visitors to the correct services they are looking for. Directional signage is made with hemp wood panels on a hemp wood pole. The writings and arrow would be painted on the panels and nailed onto the pole.The brand mark of the exhibition is on the top panel of the signage to make sure that the direction is belongs to the location of the exhibit. The panels would direct visitors to services such as washroom, restaurant, smoking area and emergency service. The directional sign would be placed at the exit and entrance of the exhibit. It is helpful for finding locations for emergencies and other services quickly when the visitors are on the exhibition site. On the door of the bathrooms, there are cannabis image to prese nt that the visitors are in the closest washroom of Oh Cannabis!.The exhibit display contains the main information of the exhibit; cannabis in Canada. Exhibit display is designed and printed on hemp paper then laminated to a hemp wood panel. It would be placed in the middle of the exhibit, where everyone can gather to take a look at the information and graphics on the topic of cannabis in Canada. The display panel included information on history of cannabis, the definition and the myths were told. It also includes the pros and cons of cannabis use and how many young people are voting for the legalization of cannabis.The display panel used the same color palette as the brand mark to create the unity for the brand. The information on the panel is selected from different sources of news and researches. Kronor is a lifestyle and health magazine focusing on cannabis culture in Canada and world-wide. It brings updated cannabis news, people's life with cannabis, medical benefits of marijua na and current status of legalization of marijuana in Canada and the world. KRONOR – is pronounced like â€Å"chronic† that is another street name for cannabis. Ironically, cannabis is used to treat a lot of chronic conditions like cancer, reps, anorexia and so many more.As a medical cannabis magazine, it is important that the target audiences understand the meaning behind the name of the brand. The name KRONOR would appeals to medical cannabis users at any age and gender. Cannabis Culture and 420 Magazine. Even they are the magazines that focus mainly on the recreational use of cannabis, they are more established and sponsored by the biggest corporations of the industry. However, Kronor would focus on the information of cannabis in Canada and would attract Canadians worldwide. Kronor also is used to promote the cannabis industry in Canada.The target audiences for the magazine are anyone who use or have interest in cannabis as a medicine. They are in the age group of 2 5-35. They have mid income of annually. They are health conscious and they know the health benefits of cannabis. They want to see the change in cannabis legalization. Images should reflect the dramatic debates over the legalization of marijuana. Background image represents the feature article of the issue. NAMEPLATES Placement of the nameplate is optional according to the cover image. However, the ideal position for the nameplate is centered at the top of the cover image.It also affects the determination of the color of the nameplate. A nameplate contains the issue number and the issue dates. It locates under the logo for easier eye-flow. BANNERS Banner contains the bar code, magazine website and price of the issue. Banner is placed on the left bottom corner of the magazine. IMAGES Images must reflect a healthy, positive and earthy tone of voice. Background should contain images of cannabis and/or the current events that related to the feature article. Images should be adjusted to c ontrast with the feature article title and the nameplate.

International case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International case - Essay Example Database management skills of the staff were weak and there were pressures to reduce costs. The system development process was complex and risk-prone. The focus of the new information system was to manage flow and water demand information. Data exchange between different stakeholders of the project was not fully automated as their information systems were not designed for data and information exchange among other stakeholder agencies. The implementation process of KOBWA happened at a time when roles were yet to be assigned to the new staff. The paper and spreadsheet based processes had to be shifted to computer-based systems gradually for ease of functions in the operations. Deficiency of staff also presented a hurdle in the implementation process. Manual processes were used for preparing regular reports on the water quality status as the graphical display routines designed for checking flow data could not be leveraged for examining water quality data. Map displays were also documented manually. A close connection between the water quality data and the GIS databases was desired for raising water quality status maps. Getting the data from field, DWAF, MNRE, and other data suppliers was again a manual process realized through spreadsheets or text export files from different agencies and transferring them into Hydstraâ„ ¢. There was good scope of committing errors due to non-automation of the processes; it needed many resources on checking data in the database. As manual processes required staff which was deficient, resources had to be employed for comprehending the reactionary change in the water quality with flow and long & short term routines. It could affect the standard and utility of the information as precious time got wasted in database maintenance and preparing status reports

To what extent does social security encourage benefit dependency OR Essay

To what extent does social security encourage benefit dependency OR discuss the proposition that work is the best form of welfare - Essay Example First, social security is a form of relief from poverty. In the event where a person losses his or her job, the state shall come to its rescue by providing replacement income. The second reason why a government would provide social security is that it is a means of social protection. Not only will the social security system provides protection against poverty, it gives a person some peace of mind that he or she will not suffer from deprivation in the event where he or she gets sick or losses his or here job. The third reason why social security is provided is that it is a means of redistributing income back to the people. People who have less or have inadequate income can benefit from this system. The very concept of social security stems from the idea of mutual cooperation between the government and its citizens. As part of the commitment of the government to protect its people, the social security system in but a transitory thing where people gets assistance while they get back into their feet after they fall into â€Å"bad luck†. Although the concept of social security is a noble idea that is supposed to help people instead of making them dependent on the system, there instances in the past as well as in our present society that would lead us to believe otherwise. Government records on social security would tell us that there are a growing number of people in the United Kingdom who are becoming government dependents. To prove this point, let us look into the activities in the areas of employment and social security from 1997 to January 2006. Between 1997 and 2001, the unemployment rate of the country fell from 7.2% to 4.9%.1 However, in the next five years that followed this progress, there is no significant change or improvement in the unemployment rate of the country. Where there is no increase or decrease in statistics, we can safely conclude that there have no significant improvements during these years in terms of employment. Considering

Black people appear disproportionately likely to be arrested and Essay

Black people appear disproportionately likely to be arrested and convicted of offences. Why is this so - Essay Example A. 2005). Recent methodologically sophisticated studies that investigated the relationship between race/ethnicity and sentence severity discovered that â€Å"race and ethnicity do play an important role in contemporary sentencing decisions. Black and Hispanic offenders—and particularly those who are young, male, or unemployed—are more likely than their white counterparts to be sentenced to prison; in some jurisdictions, they also receive longer sentences†¦than do similarly situated white offenders.† (Spohn, C. 2000). Research confirms that blacks are more likely to be stopped in traffic by the police, and black women are nine times more likely to be x-ray Institutional racism ed or subjected to intrusive searches by customs officers in airports. (Norris, C., Fielding, N., Kemp, C., & Fielding, J. 1992). Institutional racism can be defined as "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture or ethnic origin". (Stokely Carmichael) Figures for 2005 released by the home office indicate that members of black and minority ethnic  (BME)  groups were more likely  to be arrested, or stopped and searched, than  white people At a general level, all Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) groups have a higher account as users of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) when compared to their account as members of the population as a whole. This is especially true for black suspects and offenders. Black people experience a greater chance of being stopped and searched Modern day racism can take many forms, including racial profiling. Racial Profiling is â€Å"any police or private security practice in which a person is treated as a suspect because of his or her race, ethnicity, nationality, or religion.† As per the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (1984) stops can only

William Faulkner-Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

William Faulkner-Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example ion and constraint of the ‘other’ as they are examined by notables in the field such as Edward Said and Ziauddin Sardar and then applying these theories to Faulkner’s short story â€Å"Ad Astra,† one can begin to see how these theories can be traced in action in contemporary media. As the world enters into more troubled times with nations struggling against nations, it is more important than ever to understand how to achieve a more stable and in depth understanding of those we might simply wish to classify as ‘other’. William Faulkner (1897-1962) is one of America’s most highlighted and most unlikely authors. Eventually producing 26 books and a difficult to count number of short stories, Faulkner’s stories were full of such artistry and character that he has become recognized as a giant in world literature. â€Å"Faulkner accomplished in a little over a decade more artistically than most writers accomplish over a lifetime of writing† (Padgett, 2005). His creation of the mythical Yoknapatawpha County, along with all the people in it, painted a precise picture of what life was like in the turn of the century American south. Rather than portraying his characters in keeping with the generally accepted and widely held view of the stereotypical farmer, for instance, Faulkner presented his characters, good and bad, with a strong degree of sensitivity and understanding (Cowley, 1977). Although Faulkner has incorporated a number of themes and issues within his writings, one of the mor e prevalent is his exploration of the true nature of the black man as an individual human being capable of great strength and resilience. This is significant as it was a time in which most black men (and women) were viewed as somehow subhuman, having just recently escaped the shackles of slavery yet still confined within those of ignorance, poverty and blatant oppression. This impression laid the foundation for today’s race relations as well as illustrated the degree to

Culture and Health Applying Medical Anthropology Essay

Culture and Health Applying Medical Anthropology - Essay Example Examples of risk factors are: smoking, bad sexual practices and bad hygiene, while examples of protective factors are: sexual restrictions such as monogamy. It is due to these risk and protective factors that some cultures are known for some diseases, while some other cultures stand lesser risks of contracting certain types of diseases (Winkelman 20). There are some environmental and social conditions that affect the health of my community, Montclair, New Jersey. One of the environmental conditions that have had a negative impact on New Jersey is traffic congestion. This is due to the increase in the volume of vehicles that ply the Montclair route from time to time. The effect that the increased volume of vehicles in the city has on the health of the residents of the city is that it makes them have climate-related health problems. The emission of greenhouse gases by these vehicles causes air pollution and the effect is that it would alter the balance of the climate in the region and the world at large (Silver 27-29). It has also been observed that the number of smokers in the city have increased rapidly. Smokers stand the risk of contracting heart related diseases and could also get diseases that would affect some vital organs of their body.

Summary of an article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Summary of an article - Essay Example This transfer mechanism is important to the researchers due to the fact that understanding transfer will help to answer several pertinent questions. The first of these relate to whether violent video games have the implied drawback of encouraging violence. Similarly, by studying transference models, the researcher can determine if flight simulation helps develop cockpit skills in pilots. In essence, the level of transference of specific skill sets that are supposedly â€Å"taught† in various video games will be helpful understanding the net positive or net negative relationships that may or may not exist. The analysis found, not surprisingly, that the same concepts of collaboration, interaction, tactile learning, exploratory interest, and individuality as they relate to the game playing experience. Whereas many individuals are prone to view the video game as a total escape mechanism, the researchers were able to convincingly prove that it is and has been used as a means to foster intra human communication via linked players or via those that interact with the process while in the room yet not playing the game themselves. Furthermore, the level of bonding and exploration that occurred while the researchers were conducting their study helped them to make a direct link between the children that were involved in the process and the traditional understanding of the word â€Å"play†. Likewise, there was not the clear break between in game and in world realities as the researchers at first expected; rather, both realities incorporated unique elements of one another to create a combined effect that could neither be turned on or turned off once the game was complete. As one might expect, the levels of meaning and interaction levels of transference that exist are therefore dependent upon the individual

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Case Study Example On the other hand, a question is raised whether it is appropriate to arrest more of the criminals and hence not respect their right towards proper humane conditions by making the state prisons more congested. A more congested environment is likely to pose a number of problems related to health to the inmates. However, they are not taking the right and appropriate measures to correct the situation. They include the chair at the parole booard who knows the conditions in state prison. The main reason as to why the Advocates could be threatening the correctional with Federal lawsuits is to put pressure on them to increase the number of facilities and make the prisoners more comfortable and not exposed to poor conditions through the congested facilities. Thus, as the chair of the parole board Robert is motivated by the fact that less risk is presented with the issue of congestion as opposed to the likely chances of re-offense by the criminals who are released on parole. This is because it causes a greater chance of threats and insecurity to the larger public. However, the results of the risk assessment of the offenders also show instances of offenders being habitual criminals who are likely to engage in more criminal activities once they are released back to the society. In this case, the relaxation of standards is likely to increase the number of offenders released to the community, hence presenting great danger to the citizens. On the other hand, the incineration of most of the offenders who also include the petty offenders increases the level of congestion within the prison, thus acting as a form of violation against their rights since it presents numerous problems and risks to their lives. The situation can be corrected through the expansion of the facilities or building of more facilities to accommodate more inmates. In this case, therefore, the decision to be made by the chair of the board is to

International Economics, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Economics, - Essay Example The success of RTA is mainly due to low trade barriers with all global partners. This means the most positive impact will be gained from free trade as researches show that least amount of tariff or no tariff is most advantageous for a regional trading agreement to become successful. Custom union, common market and economic union, all impose a certain amount of tariff on the goods. This greatly affects the amount of goods to be traded as an economist said: ‘the successful expansion of trade among the members of a regional trade agreement tends to be associated with increasing extra regional imports as a share of GDP and with the growth of world trade.’, and extra regional imports will only be increased if there will be no or minimal tariff. Economic unions and custom unions are only beneficial for international trade and can only produce positive results if implemented in conjunction especially in case of EU, and this what happened in 1990’s. Trade can only be flourished if the country undertakes international trade and involves in exchanging goods and services from different countries around the globe. International trade means starting trading of goods with foreign countries which means foreign exchange pouring in the country, leading to more GDP and resulting in more finance for the industries to make exportable goods. As exports will increase due to more exportable stock, trade will be flourished. International trade improves the relations between two or more countries. Improving relations means more chances of your own good to be sold in their markets, thus fostering trade (Nayan et al, 2010). International trade increases the productivity of a country; more production takes place leading to more people getting employed in the country, and therefore with more share in the GDP, there will be more growth in the world of trade.

The love that Dorothea feels for Randall, and the love Tony Kytes feels for Milly Essay Example for Free

The love that Dorothea feels for Randall, and the love Tony Kytes feels for Milly Essay After reading the short stories The Unexpected by Kate Chopin and Tony Kytes, the Arch Deceiver by Thomas Hardy, how far would you agree with this statement? The Unexpected is the tale of Randall and Dorothea, a passionate relationship driven apart by an unfortunate illness. The second story Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver is a story of a man in love with three different women for three different reasons. The Unexpected is a tale of an intense relationship between Randall and Dorothea. Due to be married Randall, for a brief absence, left his Dorothea and the author describes the parting as bitter: the enforced separation.too cruel an ordeal to bear, The goodbye dragged with lingering kisses and signs, showing just how much the parting hurt More kisses and more clinging till the last wrench came. Unfortunately near the end of the month of which Randall was to return, filled with Daily letters impassioned and interminable, he was struck ill and delayed for yet another month. During all this the author describes the waiting for Dorothea as torture but even though she wanted to be at Randalls side she knew her parents would never permit such a thing as it was frowned upon for an unmarried man and a woman to be alone together not chaperoned, even for an engaged couple. Letters come from Randall telling Dorothea that he is obliged by his doctors to travel south before winter sets in but would first revisit his home town. Randall is very much in love with Dorothea calling her his dearest one to his heart and Craving her lips. Dorothea misses Randall a lot reading his letters until they were in tatters and then gazing for hours upon his portrait which showed him as an almost perfect specimen of youthful health, strength and manly beauty. Randall had written to her to tell her he altered greatly in appearance and even wrote that he would hardly recognize him. She waited with baited breath and anticipation filled her body until the moment came when the meeting actually proceeded, she could never have been prepared for the dramatic change in his appearance. He was a mere shadow of who he once was and Dorotheas feelings for him began to change she stared at him in wonder and mistrust rather than fear. What hideous transformation had he undergone? shows how much she hated the new look he had. Dorothea cant bear to have Randall touch her shes repulsed by how he now looks. The use of the vocabulary shuddering, shrinking, shriveling, describes how she felt her love for Randall die within her. They talked for a while (or rather Randall talked) and he insisted they marry at once in fear he would not recover from his illness, We must not put it off Dorothea. Let the marriage be at once. Dorothea was not so keen on this idea and she made attempts to pull away claiming she would be a hindrance and in her heart she was saying Never, never, never Randall had another reason to marry Dorothea Im quite-almost sure I shall get well; but the strongest of us cannot count upon life. If worse should come I want you to have all I possess; what fortune I have must be yours, and marriage will make my wish secure. This shows that Randall loves Dorothea and only wishes to make her future is financially secure incase he cannot be with her. But Dorotheas refuel saying she be a hindrance shows she didnt love Randall for his money; she is also quite stifled by his proposal. After a last coughing fit Randall is taken away by his attendant Dorothea watches him leave without a word. She was glad no one was present to compel her to speak, she didnt want people to make her change her mind as she thinks about this problem, shes embarrassed to speak and would have had to lie. Dorothea mounts her bike as if fleeing from death himself shows how much she needed to get away to be free from the people that would ask her of the wedding to come, seemingly borne on by come force other than mechanical-some unwanted energy- a sudden impulse that lightened her eyes. She rides through unfamiliar country and the road becomes rough and unfrequented and she doesnt stop until shes sure she is alone with just nature surrounding her. She never spoke a word after bidding him good-by: but now she seemed disposed to make confidants and the extract ends by saying Never she whispered, Not for all his thousands! Never, never! Not for millions! Dorothea is most defidently not interested in Randalls money but the relationship was based on looks rather than personality as so were many relationships during that time. The second title Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver by Thomas Hardy, the title gives the reader an instant impression of the kind of man Tony is, a deceiver. Hes not described by how handsome he is, like Randall is during the first extract, it concentrates more on his charm and personality. Tony is engaged to Milly Richards, who is described as a nice, light, tender little thing. Oh his way driving home one Saturday after being at market with his father he saw waiting for him Unity Sallet, a handsome girl, one of the women hed been very tender toward before getting engaged to Milly. The words one of the women indicates that there was more than just one hed been quite friendly with and gives the reader an impression that he likes to have lots of women. As soon as Tony drives by her in his wagon she asks My dear Tony, will you give me a lift home? Tony replies That I will darling, you dont suppose I could refuse ee? This gives the reader an impression that Tony may still have feelings for Unity. Unity obviously considers herself to be better than Molly when she is talking to Tony, I should have made ee a finer wife, and a more loving one too. Tony appears weak as she talks to him asking if he did not think her pretty. He let his eyes light upon her for a long while. In fact, I never knowed you was so pretty before! But when she asks if she is prettier than Milly he does not reply as over the hedge past turning he sees the feather he knew well- the feather in Millys hat. Tony persuades Unity to hide in the back of the wagon Now dearest Unity, will ye, to avoid all unpleasantness, which I know ye cant bear any more than I, will ye lie down in the back of the wagon till Milly has passed? Tony knows that its wrong for him to be seen with another woman rather than his fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in public. When Tony sees Milly she does not ask for a ride. Tony lies saying he thought she was going to see her mother not waiting for him. They talked until they reached a house and who is looking out the window but Hannah Jolliver, another young beauty of the place at that time, and the first woman Tony had fallen in love with. Described as much more dashing girl than Milly Richards, thought Tony had not thought of her late. Tony then persuades Milly to hide in the back of the wagon, the other side to Unity I see a young woman a-looking out of window, who I think many accost me. The fact is Milly, she ha a notion that I was wishing to marry her, and since shes discovered to marry another, and a prettier than she. I rather afeard of her temper if she sees us together. I dont mind to oblige you, Tony, Milly said though she didnt care much about doing it, she crept under the seat. Hannah appears to be quiet curt Well, arent you going to be civil enough to ask me to ride home with you? The more Tony looked at Hannah while he was driving the more he like her, till he couldnt for the life of him think why he had ever said a word about marriage to Milly or Unity while Hannah Jolliver was in question. Youve settled it with Milly by this time I suppose? Hannah said and Tony talks quietly N-no, not exactly. He speaks quietly as not to be overheard. Hannah asks if he likes Milly more than her and if he asked her she wouldnt say no. Tony was won over by the pretty face and he whispered very softly to her I havent quite promised her, and I think I can get out of it and ask you that question you speak off. Unfortunately Hannah shouted very loud clapping her hands Throw over Milly-all to marry me! There was an angry, spiteful squeak and afterward a long moan, as if somethings heart had broken. This shows that it most probably was Milly and that she really did care for Tony. Tony sees his father in the field calling him, handing the reins to Hannah he finds his father with a stern look. It looks to me as if Mr. Kytes does not particularly like Hannah and doesnt want his son causing a scandal. Tony ends up confessing to his father that both Unity and Milly are also in the wagon and he asks his father for advice. Whatever of em did not ask to ride with thee? His father tells him. But Tony objects. Stick to Milly, shes the best. His father advice before warning Tony to take the reins from Hannah has the horse begins at a brisk walking pace. Milly becomes restless after hearing Tony and Hannah talking and she spies another womans foot, Unitys foot. Both women rage in whisper of how disgraceful it is for the other to be hiding in a young mans wagon. I am engaged to be married to him, and havent I a right to be here? What right has you, I should like to know? What has he been promising you? A pretty lot of nonsense, I expect! But what Tony says to other women is all mere wind, and no concern to me! Milly says getting louder, this shows she doesnt believe anything that Tony says to other women is true, its lies and doesnt matter to her. She really does love him. Hes going to have Hannah, and not you, nor me either; I could hear that. Unity says. At the sound of the voices rising Hannah lets go of the reins and the horse walks off turning to quick at the hill, the wheels went up on the bank and the wagon tips on its side. Tony comes running frightened and breathless and was relieved to see that none of his darlings was hurt but for a few scratches from the brambles, he cares for all three girls and likes them all for different reasons. Hes scared to find them all arguing He would have kissed them all round and square as a man could but they were talking too much to let him. First Tony says he wants Hannah to be his. Hannahs father was coming up behind them and Hannah was crying worse than ever. My daughter is not willing, sir! says Mr. Jolliver hot and strong Be you willing, Hannah? I ask ye to have spirit enough to refuse him, if yer virtue is left to ee and you run no risk. Mr. Jolliver clearly dislikes Tony, Hannah refuses partly because of her father and too partly in a tantrum because of her discovery. Little did I think when I was so soft with him just now that I was talking to such a false deceiver False deceiver hence the actual title of the book. Second he asks Unity to marry him and she snaps at him and walks off following the Jollivers footsteps, hoping that Tony might follow her. Finally he asked Milly, the last left and the one he was actual engaged to, if she would marry him claiming it do seem as if fate had ordained that it should be you and I, or nobody. Losing all semblance of what had been is how Dorothea phrases her emotions; this appears to be a common theme throughout both extracts, In other words the fickleness of love. In both stories the love is lost in different ways, but this love however was based on appearance rather than true love. In my opinion in the first extract Randall and Dorothea have a passionate relationship until there forced to separate and Randall become ill. The relationship isnt based on money as Dorothea refused to stay with him Never, she whispered not for all his thousands! Never, never! Not for millions! Its true that Randall changed in appearance but if Dorothea had really truly loved him she would never has left him no matter what he looked like when he was ill. But if it were reversed would Randall have still loved Dorothea if her looks had changed. If it were true love it would not matter what they looked like but to Dorothea it certainly did and so I believe it is mere infatuation rather than true love. With Tony Kytes, he seems to like all three girls for three different reasons, he cant have just one he wants them all and hes confused about who he should choose he knows that its wrong but he does it anyway, and to me he seems to see the women as objects rather than actual living breathing people. Overall it most diffidently seems to be infatuation rather than true love.

The Negative Impacts Of Cruise Tourism Tourism Essay

The Negative Impacts Of Cruise Tourism Tourism Essay 1. Introduction Nowadays, cruise tourism plays an important role in the tourism industry. Cruise ships become newer, larger and more comfortable so that nearly every need of the customers can be satisfied on the high seas. Capabilities like theaters, cinemas, fitness clubs, discotheques, casinos, tennis courts and many others are common on most modern cruise ships. Moreover, that most of the named activities are already included in the price. Thereby the ships beat about all the seven oceans to the most beautiful places on earth like for instance the Caribbean. But all these glorious sounding features involve several negative environmental problems. Cruise ships contaminate the seas with tons of waste and sewage which causes decreases of biodiversity, coral reefs and of course the water quality. Mass tourism harms and destroys ecological systems like beaches and reefs. This examination is about the impacts of cruise tourism to the environment and contingencies how to make cruise tourism more sustain able. 2. Utilization of resources Cruise tourism requires an abundance of resources and produces quantities of waste. A typical Caribbean cruise ship produces about 50tons of waste, 7.5 million liter potable water, 800.000 liter wastewater and 130.000 liter oleiferous water. Approximately 75% of all produced wastewater are caused by cruise ships. Between 1993 and 1998 over 100 cases of marine pollutions were investigated in the Caribbean. The estimate number of unknown cases might exceed this number many times over because the disposal of wastewater takes place in aquatic environments where environmental pollution is permitted on payment of a fee. Furthermore the cruise industry requires a convenient super- and infrastructure at their destinations which often overwhelms the financial capability of the regions and causes a dependency to the cruise tourism. 3. General information about the impact of the cruise tourism industry The entire tourism industry has positive as well as negative impacts on the economy, the culture and the environment. Thereby the cruise industry is no exception. Being an in Niche market the cruise industrys impact is higher-than average. By establishing more than 450,000 employments with salaries of 15 billion US-Dollars in the whole and a turnover of some billion dollars above all the cruise industry in the USA has a great impact on the economy. Furthermore a big impact on the governments revenues and expenditures is notable. The revenues of local governments consist like following: Taxes paid on turnovers by cruise passenger, the crew and the cruise line Temporarily taxes on accommodations that are paid by passengers Revenues in fees paid by passengers as well as by the cruise line, including fees for calling at a port, cleaning and other expenditures on a harbor Fees for recycling and the use of water Fees for passengers, including admission charge and payments for medical provision Tax payment of companies which distribute products and services to cruise lines passengers taxes paid by enterprises Operational costs on- site Secondary or indirect tax revenues like payment of property tax by employees of the cruise lines and their families 4. Possibilities to create sustainable cruise tourism The Cruise tourism encompasses different segments and sub segments. Aspects of sustainability in the sense of ecological sustainability play in most of the sub-segments of cruise tourism a more or less important role. All indications are that the cruise industry, in its own interest, tries to eliminate these negative impacts as fast as possible. Potential Reasons, as the fact that one of the most important subareas of cruise industry, the Caribbean, cannot comply the conception of sustainable tourism in the sense of the definition of sustainability mentioned in the Bruntland Report, have to be searched on the academic and socio-cultural level. To find concrete evidence on these levels seems to be difficult. Although the cruise tourism initiate doubtless economical impulses on the destinations, the essentially effects on the long term local development remain to be unrealized. The relation between costs and benefits on the environmental level as well as on the socio- cultural level seems to be unbalanced what a disadvantage of the destinations is. A quantification of this context owes. With the undersigning of a pioneering nature protection agreement on January 15th 2008, re-experienced the 12-month collaboration of Conservation International, the tourism agency of Cozumel, and the Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association its climax. Cruise industry representatives from the government, private enterprise association and cruise ship association were part of this contract. With the undersigning of this arrangement the contractual partners originated a significant nature conservancy initiative which should help to protect the vulnerable biodiversity of the most popular cruise destination on earth Cozumel, Mexico. In the year 2006 the island employed about 1000 workers for cruise ships, which brought an estimate number of 2.6 million cruise passengers to Cozumel. During peak times up to nine cruise ships with over 10.000 tourists reach the islands harbor daily. The rapid growing of the cruise tourism industry led to a heavy burden for the environment. The agreement composes the fundament for sustainable cruise tourism which will be achieved with the following projects: The creation of more awareness for environmental problems among the cruise tourists, tour operators and within the local community Improvement of the infrastructure of the island (especially the transportation- and waste-management) Increased security for the coral reef Indemnity of the strict observance of current laws These projects were developed during a range of workshops by groups of different stakeholders. Hereby over 80 leading representatives of the cruise tourism were brought together in order to pinpoint important environmental aspects and to achieve a common accomplishment for these projects. This common planning process is worldwide the first of its kind in the cruise tourism. Therefore Cozumel is the only cruise ship destination which helps to prevent its nature and biodiversity. Leading representatives of the cruise tourism established the so-called Stewardship Working Group which is supposed to implement objectives mentioned in the environment protection agreement. Following objectives are on the agenda: Every cruise ship passenger will see a 30 second information-movie in which he will appealed to handle sustainable in order to protect the nature In a photo exhibition, nearby the landing stage, the passengers will see the unspoilt districts of the island All tour-boats on the island have their own recycling system In the next step the representatives will evolve awareness campaigns which involve not only the cruise tourists but also the tour operator and hosts. Approximately over 500.000 cruise tourists will be involved in such campaigns. 5. Particular sensitive sea area The cruise industry will be confronted with several challenges related to environmental issues in the future. These challenges relate to the activities in the oceans, especially in and around important nature protection areas. The international Maritime Organization (IMO) recognized that issue and initiated counteractions, the so called Particular Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSA). At present there exist 11 PSSAs. The effective guidelines of these areas commit all the governments of the IMO member- states to ensure that cruise lines which drive under their flag have to keep the methods of protection. The following 11 PSSAs were arranged: The Great Barrier Reef, Australia (1990) The Sabana-Camagà ¼ey Archipelago, Cuba (1996) The Malpelo Island, Colombia (2002) The Sea around the Florida Keys (2002) The Wadden Sea, Denmark, Norway, Germanys (2002) The Paracas National Reserve, Peru (2003) The western European Waters (2004) Enlargement of the existing PSSA of the Great Barrier Reef including the Torres Strait Islands (2005) The Canary Islands, Spain (2005) The Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador (2005) The Baltic Sea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Sweden (2005) The MARPOL Convention arranges three complementary methods for the contamination management: Reduction of waste products, Recycling and disposal of waste. With the agreement of the MARPOL Convention a cruise ship can convert its waste and dispose it on its own as well as leave the waste on a harbor for disposal either by store it, burn it or recycle it. 6. Studies and scientific literature In the more recent past only a small number of studies concerning the environmental impact of the cruise industry existed. For a considerable time a wide range of articles, reports, books, campaigns and websites occurred. The most informative subscription are scientific works (Cruise Ship Tourism, 2006, CABI), which interpret the concrete impacts of the cruise industry to the environment. The most considered researches were published by Ross Dowling and Ross Klein (Cruise Ship Blues The Underside of the Cruise Industry, 2002, and Cruise Ship Squeeze The New Pirates of the Seven Seas, 2005, New Society Publishers). Furthermore, Klein also operates to websites (www.cruisejunkie.com and www.cruiseresearch.org) where the visitor can find a varies number of resources like detailed lists of diseases, cancellations, suicides, passengers who fell overboard, powertrain problems, environmental incidents, health issues and many more. Between 2002 and 2006 over one thousand facts were collected. 7. Conclusion Although the cruise tourism has a huge negative impact on the environment there are still no homogenous regulations or laws to protect the ecological system. Even if some regions established such laws, regulations and awareness campaigns there are still huge areas of freedom to act in an environmentally harmful way. Due to the magnitude of the seas the direct environmental impacts are not clearly recognizable in a short time but they cause long-term damages. The new cruise ships which are bigger than ever before and the increasing demand in this tourism branch wont help to come to grips with this problem. In terms of achieving sustainable tourism it is, therefore, a sub-sector within which socio-economic, cultural and environmental considerations need to be continually analyzed, addressed and monitored. However, decision-makers in cruise tourism destinations, particularly those outside North America, need to work closely with operators to facilitate both integrated waste management and intergenerational and intra-societal equity rather than merely accept the prospect of short-term economic gain.

Effect of WCM on Firm Profitability in Pakistan Textiles

Effect of WCM on Firm Profitability in Pakistan Textiles This research examines the effect of Working Capital Management (WCM) on profitability of firms in the textile sector of Pakistan. I also used cost of production and fixed assets cost as control variable to investigate their effect on profitability of textile companies. I have selected a sample size of 55 textile companies of Pakistan for a period of six years from 2003 to 2008. Regression and coefficient of correlation are used for analysis. The SPSS result R=0.77 shows the strong correlation between the model which helps me understand the relationship between working capital, cost of production, fixed assets and profitability. OBJECTIVES This research is focusing on working capital management and its effects on profitability of textile companies in Pakistan. The main objectives are: To determine the relationship between the efficiency of Working Capital Management (WCM) and Profitability over a period of 6 years for 55 Textile firms of Pakistan. To analyze the relationship between cost of production and profitability of textile companies. To find out the effect of fixed assets cost on profitability of textile companies. To draw conclusion about the relationship between efficiency of working capital management and profitability of textile firms in Pakistan. To suggest some measures for improvement in working capital management of textile sector in Pakistan. LIMITATIONS Due to the time frame and choice of the subject there were number of limitation faced by the researcher during the thesis. The first and the foremost limitation to this research is the shortage of time which created many hurdles in collecting data and completion of report; Researcher was unable to find many research on his topic within the scenario of Pakistan. So therefore researches were unable to compare its finding with other researches; Very few studies have been made in relation to Working Capital Management (WCM) especially in the textile sector in Pakistan. Therefore, the present study is a maiden attempt to analyze the relationship between WCM efficiency, cost of production, fixed assets cost and Profit in the textile sector in Pakistan. Its was very difficult for research to collect financial data of 55 textile companies in a very short span of time allotted to complete the research. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Textile Sector: Textile products are a basic human requirement next only to food. Backbone of industrial sector which plays a vital role in the national economy it give support to GDP, exports, employment, foreign exchange earnings, investment and contribution to value added industry by providing employment to largely utilized workforce. So to boost the economy and to reduce the poverty in the country the performance of all industrial sectors is very important and textile sector is one of the major sectors of all developing countries. 1.2 Performance of Textile Sector in Pakistan: The performance of textile sector has strong relationship with the cost incurred by textile sector and effective management of net working capital. Pakistan is a developing country which lack in most of the industrial resources same as the case with textile sector in Pakistan we have to import most of the technical machinery used in textile sector from other developed countries which increases the overall cost of textile sector in Pakistan as well as lack of working capital, increase in fuel prices, electricity shortage, high import duties, high cost of debt, taxation and all other factors together bring negativity in the performance of textile sector. However, Pakistans textile industry has again started to invest in the textile machinery and the imports of textile machinery for the month of February, 2010 were $23.1 million, an increase of 190% as compared to the imports of machinery in February, 2009 of $7.99 million. From July 09 to February 10 the total imports of machinery reco rded 3.1% increase, from $158.89 million to $163.844 million for the same period last year. Although the textiles sector cost has increased by purchase of these new machineries but this technology placed the positive impact on performance of textile industries because this not only increase productivity ultimately profit but also it helps to compete in the international market. The increased in labor cost is also one of factor effecting the textile sector in Pakistan because the major portion of textile production depends upon the labor used for production purposes due to the lack of technology. As the enhancement of minimum wages for textile sector is announced which proposed increase in minimum wages from Rs.4, 600/= to Rs.6, 000/= per Month (over 30%) for unskilled workers will have a devastating effect on industry. Besides the financial impact will also have to be borne towards payment of gratuity, provident fund, EOBI, social security excluding overtime etc. which if worked out will come to Rs.8, 322. In addition to the above, proportionate increase will also have to be given to the skilled cadre of workers as for instance; an operator will refuse to work at the same rate of salary being paid to a doffer. This will make textile sector survival more difficult in current scenario. The growth of textile sector depends on its productivity and mainly depend s on the cost and profitability. The textile sector is the largest sector of Pakistans economy which has the major shares in exports of the country but the major financing of this industry depends upon the bank loan. To purchase heavy machineries on cash or to lease them, the textile sector required huge amount of investment and to meet daily expenditures they need net working capital and for all that they have to borrow from bank by paying interest (i.e. cost debt) which increases the overall cost of textile sector in Pakistan. The textile sector of Pakistan is divided in many small firms which have small capital structure most of them are mainly dependent on loans due to unavailability of funds, continuous increase in cost of production. All these factors have a cumulative effect on the cost and profitability of textile sector as the increase in double digit inflation the survival of textile sector become more difficult. Although the textile sector of Pakistan is backed by the government with their greatest intere st in textile sector. They have arrange different types of investment policies and funds for textile sector but the improvement in textile sector due to other factors is still less then the requirement. Importance Of Textile Industry In Pakistans Economy 1.3 Effect of Working Capital and Other Factors on Textile Sector: Working capital management is a very important component of finance because it directly affects the profitability and liquidity of any organization especially in developing countries like Pakistan. It comprises funds invested in Current Assets, which in the ordinary course of business can be turned into cash within a short period without undergoing diminishing in value and without interruption of the organization. Current Liabilities are those which are projected to be paid in the ordinary course of business within a short time. Every company has to make arrangements for adequate funds to meet the day-to-day expenditure apart from investment in Fixed Assets. However, Pakistan textile sector is on decline just because of the additional cost due to lack of working capital which can have impact of profitability and liquidity and increase in inflation also effect textiles production badly. In this research, I have discussed and analyzed the relationship between the efficiency level of working capital management and profitability of textile sector in Pakistan as it is the major sector which contribute in Pakistan economy and generate foreign revenue by exporting textile products to international markets but the increase in cost, debt and improper management of working capital in this sector make its a declining sector in terms of profitability and liquidity. The textile industries come under the SMEs (Small Medium Enterprises) which does not bear the continuous increase of cost. According to APTMA, textile exports of Pakistan have declined by about 20% in 2008. The industry is bracing for more trouble ahead with continuing crises of electrici ty and gas, international market access, global economic slowdown, lack of capital and adverse travel advisories. Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Concept of Working Capital: Gross Working Capital: It represents the total current assets and is also referred to as circulating capital because current capital as current assets, are circulating in nature. Net Working Capital: It is a measure of liquidity and it can be defined in two ways. The most usually implied definition of net working capital is that it represents the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Some people also define it as excess of current assets over the current liabilities. It is that portion of the firms current assets, which is financed by long-term funds. 2.2 Objectives of Working Capital Management: The main objective is to ensure the maintenance of satisfactory level of working capital in such a way that it is neither inadequate nor excessive. It should not only be sufficient to cover the current liabilities but ensure a reasonable margin of safety also. To minimize the amount of capital employed in financing the current assets. This also leads to an improvement in the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Return of Capital Employedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. To manage the current assets in such a way that the marginal return on investment in these assets is not less than the cost of capital acquired to finance them. This will ensure the maximization of the value of the business unit. To maintain the proper balance between the amount of current assets and the current liabilities in such a way that the firm is always able to meet its financial obligations, whenever due. This will ensure the smooth working of the unit without any production held ups due to paucity of funds. 2.3 Nature Importance of Working Capital: Working capital is the most important concepts that a company should understand as how working capital and financing helps them to survive and competitive in business world. Working capital fulfills the short-term financial requirements of any business organization including textile companies especially in developing countries like Pakistan. It is regarded as operating capital needed to meets daily cash requirement of the organization and can not be retained in the business for a longer period of time in a particular form. The money invested in working capital changes its form and substance during the normal course of any business operations and the need and importance for maintaining an adequate working capital in any industry including textile sector can not be neglected in any way. Just as human body can not survive without the circulation of blood in the body, the organization also requires sufficient flow of funds within the organization. If it becomes weak, the business can har dly survive, prosper and generate profit. In developing countries like Pakistan, working capital starvation is generally accredited as one of the most important reason which causes the decline of any industry. According to Rafuse, (1996), Working capital starvation is generally credited as a major cause if not the major cause of small business failure in many developed and developing countries. There are several problems that create starvation of cash in any business which include poor financial management and improper planning of cash management. Jarvis et al, (1996) said that the cash flow problems of many small businesses are exacerbated by poor financial management and in particular the lack of planning cash requirements. For the financial strength of the business, a company should have and will prefer to have a positive working capital rather than a negative working capital. Some of the best ways to acquire short-term working capital financing are equity, trade credit and short-term loans. 2.4 Determinants of Working Capital: Working capital management is an indispensable functional area of management. However the large number of factors influences the total working capital requirements of the firm. It may however be added that these factors affect differently to the different units and these keep varying from time to time. In general, the determinants of working capital, which are common to all organizations, can be summarized as under: Nature and Size of Business Production Cycle Business Cycle Production Policy Credit Policy Growth Expansion Proper availability of raw materials Profit level Inflation Operating Efficiency 2.5 Sources of Working Capital: The working capital necessary and what constitutes working capital have been analyzed in depth. Now we look out what are the ways we can generate working capital. Trade Credits Bank Credit Current provisions and non-bank short term borrowings: and Long term sources i.e., equity share capital, preference share capital and other long term borrowings. 2.6 The Management of Working Capital According to Van Horne (1977), working capital management is the management of current assets such as cash, marketable securities, receivables, and inventories. Osisioma (1997) described working capital management as the regulation, adjustment, and management of balance between current assets and current liabilities of a firm such that maturing obligations are met, and the fixed assets are properly serviced. In order to manage working capital efficiently, two elements must exist as necessary components and desirable quantities. Osisioma (1997) explained that efficient working capital management must guarantee an adequate relationship between the different components of a organizations working capital so as to make an efficient mix, which will guarantee capital adequacy. Thus, working capital management should ensure that the desirable quantities of each component of the working capital are available for organization. However, the question arises that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What determines n ecessary components of an organizations working capital and how much of such necessary components can be considered as adequate or desirable?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Each organization working capitals necessary components depend on the type of business and industry. Cash, accounts payables, accounts receivables, marketable securities, inventories, and redeemable futures can be recognized as the common components of firms working capital. However, the question is to recognize the factors that determine the adequacy of working capital based on growth, size, operating cash flow, etc. The inability to understand the determining factors and measurement of adequate amounts of working capital will lead an organization to bankruptcy. The altitude of performance levels businesses have traditionally been attributed to many general managerial factors such as manufacturing cost, marketing strategies and operations. Working capital management may have a consequent impact on business survival and growth (Kargar and Blumenthal, 1994). The proper management of working capital is very vital for the financial health of businesses of all sizes. It is often observed that the amounts invested in working capital are high in percentage to the total assets employed. Therefore, it is imperative that these amounts should be used in an efficient and effective manner. However, there is substantiation that manufacturing sector which include textile industry as well are not very good at managing their working capital. Reasons for that are many small businesses suffer from undercapitalization, increase cost of production, increase fixed asset cost and lots of other factors. According to V MARIAPPAN, K CHIDAMBARAM) (2003), Productivity does not only mean the increase in production but it relates to the cost reduction and efficiency in the process of production. Therefore, the importance of exerting tight control over working capital investment, cost of production and cost of fixed assets can not be neglected. An organization can be highly profitable, but if it fails to translate this into cash from operations within the same operating period, the organization would require borrowing to support its continued working capital requirements. Hence, the dual objectives of profitability and liquidity must be synchronized and one should not impinge on the other for long. Investments by any business in current assets are inevitable to ensure delivery of goods or services to the ultimate customers and a proper management of same should create the desired impact on either profitability or liquidity. If different resources are blocked at the various phases of the supply chain, this will lengthen the cash operating cycle. However, profitability might increase due to increase sales but it may also adversely affect the profitability if the costs tied up in working capital surpass the benefits of carrying more inventories and/or allowing more trade credit to customers. (Padachi, Kesseven, Oct 2006) 2.7 Production Cost Profit: Production cost is the cost of materials and labor necessary to produce goods and there are two types of profit that is generated from a business. The first is gross profit which is the difference of the total revenue generated after the sale of each item by the production cost for that item. Second is net profit which is calculated once the company pays taxes, rent, and other expenses that might come with running and owning the business. However lack of technology, increase labor and material cost, higher cost of debt and other factors increases production cost and decrease profit but if production increases, businesses are able to purchase more materials at a discounted rate, which can help them to reduce the production cost. 2.8 Textile Sector Cost of Production: The relationship of cost of production with profit of any sector is the key element used to evaluate the productivity of that particular sector including textile sector. Productivity is often mixed with increased production. However, higher production does not always mean higher productivity. Higher productivity can be achieved only by better utilization of resources and reduction of cost. So the importance of production cost can not be neglected and is closely related to the increase productivity of industrial sector on any economy. According to the Michael porter of the Harvard University says the competitiveness of any sector is totally depend on the productivity of its industrial sector. Productivity does not only mean the increase in production but it relates to the cost reduction and efficiency in the process of production (V MARIAPPAN, K CHIDAMBARAM) (2003). The competition from international market has been increased due to the continuous innovation on technology used in the industrial sector of textile which ultimately increases the cost. The protection from international competition of the earlier semi-insular phase has given rise to high cost manufacturing, which is inhibiting both the expansion of the domestic market and more rapid development of exports [India, 1985:16].(Aug 29 1989). However, the intense competition in international market leads to the high domestic growth with increased in the level of exports. Productivity is getting drained mainly due to under- utilization of machines, inefficient working, poor machinery maintenance, over- spinning, lack of modernization, power shortage and unhealthy labor and management relations [Gulrajani 1982]. (2003) with reference to above saying the same situation is related to the Pakistans textile sector the machines used in the textile sector is either underutilized or very old which became the hurdle in productivity of the sector and the labor related with this textile sector is also effected due to strong labor unions in the country which increase cost and decrease productivity and eventually profit of the textile sector. The government policies related to the investment on technological innovation also effect textile sector Government policies in these sectors, it is argued, have been biased against fresh investments; and import restrictions on capital goods and advanced technology have condemned entire industries to obsolete technologies (1989). The restriction on the imports and other obligations imposed by the Government on the purchase of machinery from outside country force the entire industry to obsolete technologies as well the continuous capital requirement for the expansion of production and other raw material cost force the textile sector to borrow money from bank to inject working capital. One of the most important concepts that a new business owner should know is how working capital and financing helps them survive and grow in a competitive world. The difference between current assets and current liabilities is known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“net working capital (Jonathan Keith Gober). The data of textile sector used in this research shows that most of the companies have negative working capital which means the current liabilities of the textile sector is more than the asset which again increase the cost of the textile sector of Pakistan. 2.9 Textile Sector Cost of Fixed Assets: With increasing global competition, the survival of any industry is getting difficult day by day especially in developing countries like Pakistan. Textile sector or any other sector of all developing countries used machineries and fixed assets which are obsolete and outmoded which increases their cost of production and decline productivity, efficiency and profitability. According to V. Mariappan and K. Chidambaram (2003), proper machine utilizations, the effective cost management and quality of material supplies are the three vital factors that determine the operating efficiency of a textile mill. Developing countries lack in most of the industrial resources same as the case with textile sector in Pakistan we have to import most of the technical machinery and equipment used in textile sector from other developed countries and this increases the overall cost of textile sector in Pakistan. Although the cost of textile sector increases with purchase of new machineries and equipment but this advancement in technology create the positive impact on performance of textile sector because this not only increase productivity, efficiency and profitability but also it helps textile firms to compete in the global market. Increase productivity of the textile sector is not only the outcome of advancement in the level technological development but other factors such as relative cost of labour and equipment, the cost of material, effective management of working capital and other resources also create an impact on it. Thus, higher productivity is not an accident. It is the result of effective p lanning and the judicious use of resources, V. Mariappan and K. Chidambaram (2003). Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Statement of Problem: What is the impact of working capital, cost of production and fixed assets cost on profitability of textile sector in Pakistan? 3.2 Hypotheses: H1: Increase in working capital negatively affect the profitability of textile sector by increase in short term liabilities. H2: Investment in technological instruments (Fixed Assets) has the positive impact on the profitability of textile sector: H3: High production cost has a negative impact on the development of textile sector. 3.3 Data Collection: There are two major sources of data collection use by the researchers for research purposes. They are: Primary Data: Primary data is used for the first through questionnaires, interviews and service and this is not published anywhere before. Secondary data: Secondary data is used for the researches which are based on already published in different newspapers, research journals and yearly companies reports. Chapter 4: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS In the model summary table he capital à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in this table is coefficient of correlation which is .775 which shows that there is high correlation(relationship) between dependent (net income) and independent variables (fixed assets, working capital and cost of good sold) the second column which shows R Square (coefficient of determination or regression coefficient) which shows that 60% Of variation in net income amount is caused by predictors third column is Adjusted R square 59.7% variation is caused by predictors considering number of observations and the number of predicted variables. The ANOVA table tests the model acceptability and how model fits the first row which shows regression displays information about the variation accounted for by your model and the second row of Residual shows information about the variation is not accounted by your model the significance value of F is .000 which is less than 0.05 so it means than model is acceptable and the variation explained by the model is not due to chance. The coefficients table the first row shows constant which is second column of first row -38.373 shows that when all predictors (cogs, working capital and fixed assets) are held to zero the amount of net income is -38.373 and the constant is also significant P0.05, p=0.641 which means that change in fixed assets will not bring any change in net income On the basis of correlation matrix fixed assets is again rejected of being related to net income R=0.309 which is very low correlation it is also insignificant as shown in coefficient table. Chapter 5: CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS: 5.1 Conclusion: After evaluating the whole textile sector I reached to a point that cost is greatly affect the productivity, efficiency and profitability of every sector same as the case with textile sector. In Pakistan, the textile sector is considered the most important investment sector which greatly push Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and National Income (NI) of the country. So to study such an important sector these variables help me in evaluating the relationship of cost with the performance of textile sector. The hypothesis used in conducting this research shows the impact of fixed assets, working capital, cost of production with the net income of the sector my finding shows that there is no impact of fixed asset cost on net income of the textile sector so my hypothesis is rejected which shows that increase in the investment of technology and equipment improve the efficiency and productivity of textile sector. Secondly, the research contain other variable relationship with the development of textile sector in which the working capital plays an important role my research results clearly shows the impact of working capital with net income because the increase in current assets help this sector to better maintain its current liabilities which ultimately reduces the addition cost incurred by the sector. In Pakistan textile sector needs continuous short term investment which forced the sector to increase it short term debt by borrowing from bank to meet its short term expenses. So the sample size taken in the research shows that both of them are highly correlated but they have inverse relationship increase in working capital decreases the net income as vise a versa. So my hypothesis for the working capital is accepted and it is proved that independent variable is explained by dependent variable. The third and last variable is the cost of production which incorporate all costs incurred while production of the textile items. It include the prices for all raw materials which are essential for the production process fuel, oil inventories, transportation, cotton prices, yarn prices which bring significant changes in the profitability of textile sector . The hypothesis used for the cost of production shows that there is inverse relationship on cost of production and profitability as cost for producing the textile items is increasing the profitability becomes falling and in result the development of textile sector faced hurdles in growing. The overall analysis shows that we cannot considered the increase in production only until or unless the cost structure is not clearly defined although the production of textile sector is increased in last few years but simultaneously the cost is increased with greater extend which reduces the profit margins with very less proportion which does not support the economy of Pakistan which has the major share in growth of the Pakistans economy. 5.2 Recommendations: Pakistan is a one of the leading country producing raw yarn, cotton, and fabrics. If we focus on the value added products like garments, hosiery, knitwear and other textile products, the production volume of textiles can be enhanced by tremendously. In this respect top priority should be given to cost reduction, easy availability of working capital and employment creation. The Government of Pakistan has created a special Textile Board for the promotion of Textile Industry as predicted in Textile Vision 2005 but unfortunately its performance and productivity is still below expectation of the government of Pakistan. So the guess is that government should establish a Ministry of Textile to meet the demand of private sector.   Whole economy of Pakistan is suffering due to energy crisis. Therefore, the increase in double digit inflation causes great discrepancy in the production of textile industry which forces most of the textile firms to wind up their business and to set up their business in other countries in our region. Therefore, my suggestion for government is that the government should take concrete steps on priority basis to resolve energy crisis and control inflation in Pakistan. The government of Pakistan has recently imposed tax of the import of thread from other countries which is severely affecting the productivity and profitability of the textile sector and tremendously increases the cost of production of textile industry. To resolve this issue, the government needs to seriously look into this matter and try to find a solution to it to boost the textile industry in Pakistan. Government should either set up joint ventures in textile related areas or should provide subsidized credit to textile manufacturers to upgrade their technology and capacity building through à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Technology Upgradation Fund. (TUF). It is also suggested that smaller units of power looms (up to 50 looms) should be upgraded to auto looms and power loom units larger than 50 looms into air jet looms. At present cost of doing business in Pakistan is higher as compared to the regional countries, which has resulted in bitter competitiveness to Pakistani Products in Foreign Markets. China and India are the bigger co Effect of WCM on Firm Profitability in Pakistan Textiles Effect of WCM on Firm Profitability in Pakistan Textiles This research examines the effect of Working Capital Management (WCM) on profitability of firms in the textile sector of Pakistan. I also used cost of production and fixed assets cost as control variable to investigate their effect on profitability of textile companies. I have selected a sample size of 55 textile companies of Pakistan for a period of six years from 2003 to 2008. Regression and coefficient of correlation are used for analysis. The SPSS result R=0.77 shows the strong correlation between the model which helps me understand the relationship between working capital, cost of production, fixed assets and profitability. OBJECTIVES This research is focusing on working capital management and its effects on profitability of textile companies in Pakistan. The main objectives are: To determine the relationship between the efficiency of Working Capital Management (WCM) and Profitability over a period of 6 years for 55 Textile firms of Pakistan. To analyze the relationship between cost of production and profitability of textile companies. To find out the effect of fixed assets cost on profitability of textile companies. To draw conclusion about the relationship between efficiency of working capital management and profitability of textile firms in Pakistan. To suggest some measures for improvement in working capital management of textile sector in Pakistan. LIMITATIONS Due to the time frame and choice of the subject there were number of limitation faced by the researcher during the thesis. The first and the foremost limitation to this research is the shortage of time which created many hurdles in collecting data and completion of report; Researcher was unable to find many research on his topic within the scenario of Pakistan. So therefore researches were unable to compare its finding with other researches; Very few studies have been made in relation to Working Capital Management (WCM) especially in the textile sector in Pakistan. Therefore, the present study is a maiden attempt to analyze the relationship between WCM efficiency, cost of production, fixed assets cost and Profit in the textile sector in Pakistan. Its was very difficult for research to collect financial data of 55 textile companies in a very short span of time allotted to complete the research. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Textile Sector: Textile products are a basic human requirement next only to food. Backbone of industrial sector which plays a vital role in the national economy it give support to GDP, exports, employment, foreign exchange earnings, investment and contribution to value added industry by providing employment to largely utilized workforce. So to boost the economy and to reduce the poverty in the country the performance of all industrial sectors is very important and textile sector is one of the major sectors of all developing countries. 1.2 Performance of Textile Sector in Pakistan: The performance of textile sector has strong relationship with the cost incurred by textile sector and effective management of net working capital. Pakistan is a developing country which lack in most of the industrial resources same as the case with textile sector in Pakistan we have to import most of the technical machinery used in textile sector from other developed countries which increases the overall cost of textile sector in Pakistan as well as lack of working capital, increase in fuel prices, electricity shortage, high import duties, high cost of debt, taxation and all other factors together bring negativity in the performance of textile sector. However, Pakistans textile industry has again started to invest in the textile machinery and the imports of textile machinery for the month of February, 2010 were $23.1 million, an increase of 190% as compared to the imports of machinery in February, 2009 of $7.99 million. From July 09 to February 10 the total imports of machinery reco rded 3.1% increase, from $158.89 million to $163.844 million for the same period last year. Although the textiles sector cost has increased by purchase of these new machineries but this technology placed the positive impact on performance of textile industries because this not only increase productivity ultimately profit but also it helps to compete in the international market. The increased in labor cost is also one of factor effecting the textile sector in Pakistan because the major portion of textile production depends upon the labor used for production purposes due to the lack of technology. As the enhancement of minimum wages for textile sector is announced which proposed increase in minimum wages from Rs.4, 600/= to Rs.6, 000/= per Month (over 30%) for unskilled workers will have a devastating effect on industry. Besides the financial impact will also have to be borne towards payment of gratuity, provident fund, EOBI, social security excluding overtime etc. which if worked out will come to Rs.8, 322. In addition to the above, proportionate increase will also have to be given to the skilled cadre of workers as for instance; an operator will refuse to work at the same rate of salary being paid to a doffer. This will make textile sector survival more difficult in current scenario. The growth of textile sector depends on its productivity and mainly depend s on the cost and profitability. The textile sector is the largest sector of Pakistans economy which has the major shares in exports of the country but the major financing of this industry depends upon the bank loan. To purchase heavy machineries on cash or to lease them, the textile sector required huge amount of investment and to meet daily expenditures they need net working capital and for all that they have to borrow from bank by paying interest (i.e. cost debt) which increases the overall cost of textile sector in Pakistan. The textile sector of Pakistan is divided in many small firms which have small capital structure most of them are mainly dependent on loans due to unavailability of funds, continuous increase in cost of production. All these factors have a cumulative effect on the cost and profitability of textile sector as the increase in double digit inflation the survival of textile sector become more difficult. Although the textile sector of Pakistan is backed by the government with their greatest intere st in textile sector. They have arrange different types of investment policies and funds for textile sector but the improvement in textile sector due to other factors is still less then the requirement. Importance Of Textile Industry In Pakistans Economy 1.3 Effect of Working Capital and Other Factors on Textile Sector: Working capital management is a very important component of finance because it directly affects the profitability and liquidity of any organization especially in developing countries like Pakistan. It comprises funds invested in Current Assets, which in the ordinary course of business can be turned into cash within a short period without undergoing diminishing in value and without interruption of the organization. Current Liabilities are those which are projected to be paid in the ordinary course of business within a short time. Every company has to make arrangements for adequate funds to meet the day-to-day expenditure apart from investment in Fixed Assets. However, Pakistan textile sector is on decline just because of the additional cost due to lack of working capital which can have impact of profitability and liquidity and increase in inflation also effect textiles production badly. In this research, I have discussed and analyzed the relationship between the efficiency level of working capital management and profitability of textile sector in Pakistan as it is the major sector which contribute in Pakistan economy and generate foreign revenue by exporting textile products to international markets but the increase in cost, debt and improper management of working capital in this sector make its a declining sector in terms of profitability and liquidity. The textile industries come under the SMEs (Small Medium Enterprises) which does not bear the continuous increase of cost. According to APTMA, textile exports of Pakistan have declined by about 20% in 2008. The industry is bracing for more trouble ahead with continuing crises of electrici ty and gas, international market access, global economic slowdown, lack of capital and adverse travel advisories. Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Concept of Working Capital: Gross Working Capital: It represents the total current assets and is also referred to as circulating capital because current capital as current assets, are circulating in nature. Net Working Capital: It is a measure of liquidity and it can be defined in two ways. The most usually implied definition of net working capital is that it represents the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Some people also define it as excess of current assets over the current liabilities. It is that portion of the firms current assets, which is financed by long-term funds. 2.2 Objectives of Working Capital Management: The main objective is to ensure the maintenance of satisfactory level of working capital in such a way that it is neither inadequate nor excessive. It should not only be sufficient to cover the current liabilities but ensure a reasonable margin of safety also. To minimize the amount of capital employed in financing the current assets. This also leads to an improvement in the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Return of Capital Employedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. To manage the current assets in such a way that the marginal return on investment in these assets is not less than the cost of capital acquired to finance them. This will ensure the maximization of the value of the business unit. To maintain the proper balance between the amount of current assets and the current liabilities in such a way that the firm is always able to meet its financial obligations, whenever due. This will ensure the smooth working of the unit without any production held ups due to paucity of funds. 2.3 Nature Importance of Working Capital: Working capital is the most important concepts that a company should understand as how working capital and financing helps them to survive and competitive in business world. Working capital fulfills the short-term financial requirements of any business organization including textile companies especially in developing countries like Pakistan. It is regarded as operating capital needed to meets daily cash requirement of the organization and can not be retained in the business for a longer period of time in a particular form. The money invested in working capital changes its form and substance during the normal course of any business operations and the need and importance for maintaining an adequate working capital in any industry including textile sector can not be neglected in any way. Just as human body can not survive without the circulation of blood in the body, the organization also requires sufficient flow of funds within the organization. If it becomes weak, the business can har dly survive, prosper and generate profit. In developing countries like Pakistan, working capital starvation is generally accredited as one of the most important reason which causes the decline of any industry. According to Rafuse, (1996), Working capital starvation is generally credited as a major cause if not the major cause of small business failure in many developed and developing countries. There are several problems that create starvation of cash in any business which include poor financial management and improper planning of cash management. Jarvis et al, (1996) said that the cash flow problems of many small businesses are exacerbated by poor financial management and in particular the lack of planning cash requirements. For the financial strength of the business, a company should have and will prefer to have a positive working capital rather than a negative working capital. Some of the best ways to acquire short-term working capital financing are equity, trade credit and short-term loans. 2.4 Determinants of Working Capital: Working capital management is an indispensable functional area of management. However the large number of factors influences the total working capital requirements of the firm. It may however be added that these factors affect differently to the different units and these keep varying from time to time. In general, the determinants of working capital, which are common to all organizations, can be summarized as under: Nature and Size of Business Production Cycle Business Cycle Production Policy Credit Policy Growth Expansion Proper availability of raw materials Profit level Inflation Operating Efficiency 2.5 Sources of Working Capital: The working capital necessary and what constitutes working capital have been analyzed in depth. Now we look out what are the ways we can generate working capital. Trade Credits Bank Credit Current provisions and non-bank short term borrowings: and Long term sources i.e., equity share capital, preference share capital and other long term borrowings. 2.6 The Management of Working Capital According to Van Horne (1977), working capital management is the management of current assets such as cash, marketable securities, receivables, and inventories. Osisioma (1997) described working capital management as the regulation, adjustment, and management of balance between current assets and current liabilities of a firm such that maturing obligations are met, and the fixed assets are properly serviced. In order to manage working capital efficiently, two elements must exist as necessary components and desirable quantities. Osisioma (1997) explained that efficient working capital management must guarantee an adequate relationship between the different components of a organizations working capital so as to make an efficient mix, which will guarantee capital adequacy. Thus, working capital management should ensure that the desirable quantities of each component of the working capital are available for organization. However, the question arises that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What determines n ecessary components of an organizations working capital and how much of such necessary components can be considered as adequate or desirable?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Each organization working capitals necessary components depend on the type of business and industry. Cash, accounts payables, accounts receivables, marketable securities, inventories, and redeemable futures can be recognized as the common components of firms working capital. However, the question is to recognize the factors that determine the adequacy of working capital based on growth, size, operating cash flow, etc. The inability to understand the determining factors and measurement of adequate amounts of working capital will lead an organization to bankruptcy. The altitude of performance levels businesses have traditionally been attributed to many general managerial factors such as manufacturing cost, marketing strategies and operations. Working capital management may have a consequent impact on business survival and growth (Kargar and Blumenthal, 1994). The proper management of working capital is very vital for the financial health of businesses of all sizes. It is often observed that the amounts invested in working capital are high in percentage to the total assets employed. Therefore, it is imperative that these amounts should be used in an efficient and effective manner. However, there is substantiation that manufacturing sector which include textile industry as well are not very good at managing their working capital. Reasons for that are many small businesses suffer from undercapitalization, increase cost of production, increase fixed asset cost and lots of other factors. According to V MARIAPPAN, K CHIDAMBARAM) (2003), Productivity does not only mean the increase in production but it relates to the cost reduction and efficiency in the process of production. Therefore, the importance of exerting tight control over working capital investment, cost of production and cost of fixed assets can not be neglected. An organization can be highly profitable, but if it fails to translate this into cash from operations within the same operating period, the organization would require borrowing to support its continued working capital requirements. Hence, the dual objectives of profitability and liquidity must be synchronized and one should not impinge on the other for long. Investments by any business in current assets are inevitable to ensure delivery of goods or services to the ultimate customers and a proper management of same should create the desired impact on either profitability or liquidity. If different resources are blocked at the various phases of the supply chain, this will lengthen the cash operating cycle. However, profitability might increase due to increase sales but it may also adversely affect the profitability if the costs tied up in working capital surpass the benefits of carrying more inventories and/or allowing more trade credit to customers. (Padachi, Kesseven, Oct 2006) 2.7 Production Cost Profit: Production cost is the cost of materials and labor necessary to produce goods and there are two types of profit that is generated from a business. The first is gross profit which is the difference of the total revenue generated after the sale of each item by the production cost for that item. Second is net profit which is calculated once the company pays taxes, rent, and other expenses that might come with running and owning the business. However lack of technology, increase labor and material cost, higher cost of debt and other factors increases production cost and decrease profit but if production increases, businesses are able to purchase more materials at a discounted rate, which can help them to reduce the production cost. 2.8 Textile Sector Cost of Production: The relationship of cost of production with profit of any sector is the key element used to evaluate the productivity of that particular sector including textile sector. Productivity is often mixed with increased production. However, higher production does not always mean higher productivity. Higher productivity can be achieved only by better utilization of resources and reduction of cost. So the importance of production cost can not be neglected and is closely related to the increase productivity of industrial sector on any economy. According to the Michael porter of the Harvard University says the competitiveness of any sector is totally depend on the productivity of its industrial sector. Productivity does not only mean the increase in production but it relates to the cost reduction and efficiency in the process of production (V MARIAPPAN, K CHIDAMBARAM) (2003). The competition from international market has been increased due to the continuous innovation on technology used in the industrial sector of textile which ultimately increases the cost. The protection from international competition of the earlier semi-insular phase has given rise to high cost manufacturing, which is inhibiting both the expansion of the domestic market and more rapid development of exports [India, 1985:16].(Aug 29 1989). However, the intense competition in international market leads to the high domestic growth with increased in the level of exports. Productivity is getting drained mainly due to under- utilization of machines, inefficient working, poor machinery maintenance, over- spinning, lack of modernization, power shortage and unhealthy labor and management relations [Gulrajani 1982]. (2003) with reference to above saying the same situation is related to the Pakistans textile sector the machines used in the textile sector is either underutilized or very old which became the hurdle in productivity of the sector and the labor related with this textile sector is also effected due to strong labor unions in the country which increase cost and decrease productivity and eventually profit of the textile sector. The government policies related to the investment on technological innovation also effect textile sector Government policies in these sectors, it is argued, have been biased against fresh investments; and import restrictions on capital goods and advanced technology have condemned entire industries to obsolete technologies (1989). The restriction on the imports and other obligations imposed by the Government on the purchase of machinery from outside country force the entire industry to obsolete technologies as well the continuous capital requirement for the expansion of production and other raw material cost force the textile sector to borrow money from bank to inject working capital. One of the most important concepts that a new business owner should know is how working capital and financing helps them survive and grow in a competitive world. The difference between current assets and current liabilities is known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“net working capital (Jonathan Keith Gober). The data of textile sector used in this research shows that most of the companies have negative working capital which means the current liabilities of the textile sector is more than the asset which again increase the cost of the textile sector of Pakistan. 2.9 Textile Sector Cost of Fixed Assets: With increasing global competition, the survival of any industry is getting difficult day by day especially in developing countries like Pakistan. Textile sector or any other sector of all developing countries used machineries and fixed assets which are obsolete and outmoded which increases their cost of production and decline productivity, efficiency and profitability. According to V. Mariappan and K. Chidambaram (2003), proper machine utilizations, the effective cost management and quality of material supplies are the three vital factors that determine the operating efficiency of a textile mill. Developing countries lack in most of the industrial resources same as the case with textile sector in Pakistan we have to import most of the technical machinery and equipment used in textile sector from other developed countries and this increases the overall cost of textile sector in Pakistan. Although the cost of textile sector increases with purchase of new machineries and equipment but this advancement in technology create the positive impact on performance of textile sector because this not only increase productivity, efficiency and profitability but also it helps textile firms to compete in the global market. Increase productivity of the textile sector is not only the outcome of advancement in the level technological development but other factors such as relative cost of labour and equipment, the cost of material, effective management of working capital and other resources also create an impact on it. Thus, higher productivity is not an accident. It is the result of effective p lanning and the judicious use of resources, V. Mariappan and K. Chidambaram (2003). Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Statement of Problem: What is the impact of working capital, cost of production and fixed assets cost on profitability of textile sector in Pakistan? 3.2 Hypotheses: H1: Increase in working capital negatively affect the profitability of textile sector by increase in short term liabilities. H2: Investment in technological instruments (Fixed Assets) has the positive impact on the profitability of textile sector: H3: High production cost has a negative impact on the development of textile sector. 3.3 Data Collection: There are two major sources of data collection use by the researchers for research purposes. They are: Primary Data: Primary data is used for the first through questionnaires, interviews and service and this is not published anywhere before. Secondary data: Secondary data is used for the researches which are based on already published in different newspapers, research journals and yearly companies reports. Chapter 4: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS In the model summary table he capital à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in this table is coefficient of correlation which is .775 which shows that there is high correlation(relationship) between dependent (net income) and independent variables (fixed assets, working capital and cost of good sold) the second column which shows R Square (coefficient of determination or regression coefficient) which shows that 60% Of variation in net income amount is caused by predictors third column is Adjusted R square 59.7% variation is caused by predictors considering number of observations and the number of predicted variables. The ANOVA table tests the model acceptability and how model fits the first row which shows regression displays information about the variation accounted for by your model and the second row of Residual shows information about the variation is not accounted by your model the significance value of F is .000 which is less than 0.05 so it means than model is acceptable and the variation explained by the model is not due to chance. The coefficients table the first row shows constant which is second column of first row -38.373 shows that when all predictors (cogs, working capital and fixed assets) are held to zero the amount of net income is -38.373 and the constant is also significant P0.05, p=0.641 which means that change in fixed assets will not bring any change in net income On the basis of correlation matrix fixed assets is again rejected of being related to net income R=0.309 which is very low correlation it is also insignificant as shown in coefficient table. Chapter 5: CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS: 5.1 Conclusion: After evaluating the whole textile sector I reached to a point that cost is greatly affect the productivity, efficiency and profitability of every sector same as the case with textile sector. In Pakistan, the textile sector is considered the most important investment sector which greatly push Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and National Income (NI) of the country. So to study such an important sector these variables help me in evaluating the relationship of cost with the performance of textile sector. The hypothesis used in conducting this research shows the impact of fixed assets, working capital, cost of production with the net income of the sector my finding shows that there is no impact of fixed asset cost on net income of the textile sector so my hypothesis is rejected which shows that increase in the investment of technology and equipment improve the efficiency and productivity of textile sector. Secondly, the research contain other variable relationship with the development of textile sector in which the working capital plays an important role my research results clearly shows the impact of working capital with net income because the increase in current assets help this sector to better maintain its current liabilities which ultimately reduces the addition cost incurred by the sector. In Pakistan textile sector needs continuous short term investment which forced the sector to increase it short term debt by borrowing from bank to meet its short term expenses. So the sample size taken in the research shows that both of them are highly correlated but they have inverse relationship increase in working capital decreases the net income as vise a versa. So my hypothesis for the working capital is accepted and it is proved that independent variable is explained by dependent variable. The third and last variable is the cost of production which incorporate all costs incurred while production of the textile items. It include the prices for all raw materials which are essential for the production process fuel, oil inventories, transportation, cotton prices, yarn prices which bring significant changes in the profitability of textile sector . The hypothesis used for the cost of production shows that there is inverse relationship on cost of production and profitability as cost for producing the textile items is increasing the profitability becomes falling and in result the development of textile sector faced hurdles in growing. The overall analysis shows that we cannot considered the increase in production only until or unless the cost structure is not clearly defined although the production of textile sector is increased in last few years but simultaneously the cost is increased with greater extend which reduces the profit margins with very less proportion which does not support the economy of Pakistan which has the major share in growth of the Pakistans economy. 5.2 Recommendations: Pakistan is a one of the leading country producing raw yarn, cotton, and fabrics. If we focus on the value added products like garments, hosiery, knitwear and other textile products, the production volume of textiles can be enhanced by tremendously. In this respect top priority should be given to cost reduction, easy availability of working capital and employment creation. The Government of Pakistan has created a special Textile Board for the promotion of Textile Industry as predicted in Textile Vision 2005 but unfortunately its performance and productivity is still below expectation of the government of Pakistan. So the guess is that government should establish a Ministry of Textile to meet the demand of private sector.   Whole economy of Pakistan is suffering due to energy crisis. Therefore, the increase in double digit inflation causes great discrepancy in the production of textile industry which forces most of the textile firms to wind up their business and to set up their business in other countries in our region. Therefore, my suggestion for government is that the government should take concrete steps on priority basis to resolve energy crisis and control inflation in Pakistan. The government of Pakistan has recently imposed tax of the import of thread from other countries which is severely affecting the productivity and profitability of the textile sector and tremendously increases the cost of production of textile industry. To resolve this issue, the government needs to seriously look into this matter and try to find a solution to it to boost the textile industry in Pakistan. Government should either set up joint ventures in textile related areas or should provide subsidized credit to textile manufacturers to upgrade their technology and capacity building through à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Technology Upgradation Fund. (TUF). It is also suggested that smaller units of power looms (up to 50 looms) should be upgraded to auto looms and power loom units larger than 50 looms into air jet looms. At present cost of doing business in Pakistan is higher as compared to the regional countries, which has resulted in bitter competitiveness to Pakistani Products in Foreign Markets. China and India are the bigger co